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In 2013, Jean-Loup Richet, a research fellow in ESSEC ISIS, researched new money laundering techniques which cybercriminals were using in a report written for the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime.12 A common approach to cyber money laundering was to use a digital currency exchanger service that converted dollars into Liberty Reserve and may be sent and received anonymously.
In May 2013, electronic currency exchanger Liberty Reserve was closed down after the alleged founder, Arthur Budovsky Belanchuk, and others were arrested in Costa Rica, Spain, and New York"under charges for conspiracy to commit money laundering and conspiracy and operation of an unlicensed money transmitting business. "13 Budovsky, a former U.S.
Indictment said the case"is believed to be the largest international money laundering prosecution in history. "14 Greater than $40 million in funds were placed under restraint pending forfeiture, and more than 30 Liberty Reserve exchanger domain names were captured.1315 The company was anticipated to have laundered $6 billion in criminal proceeds.13.
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Following the launch of a decentralized cryptocurrency bitcoin in 2008 and the subsequent introduction of other cryptocurrencies, many virtual platforms have been made specifically for the exchange of decentralized cryptocurrencies. Their regulation differs from country to country.
In February 2014, Mt. Gox, the largest cryptocurrency exchange at the time, suspended trading, shut its website and exchange service, and filed for bankruptcy protection in Japan from lenders.1617 In April 2014, the company began liquidation proceedings.18 This was the result of a large theft of Bitcoins which were stolen straight out of the Mt.
By 2016, several cryptocurrency exchanges operating in the European Union obtained licenses under the EU Payment Services Directive and the EU Electronic Money Directive.21 The adequacy of these licenses for the operation of a cryptocurrency exchange has not been judicially tested. The European Council and the European Parliament announced that they will issue regulations to enforce stricter rules targeting exchange programs. .
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In 2018, the US Securities and Exchange Commission maintained that"in case a platform offers trading of electronic assets that are securities and operates as an"exchange," as defined by the federal securities laws, then the platform has to register with the SEC as a national securities exchange or be exempt from registration".22 The Commodity Futures Trading Commission now enables the trading of cryptocurrency derivatives publicly.23.
Among the Asian countries, Japan is more forthcoming and regulations mandate the need to get a distinctive license from the Financial Services Authority to operate a cryptocurrency exchange.2425 China and Korea remain aggressive, together my company with China banning bitcoin miners and freezing bank accounts.2627 While Australia is yet to announce its conclusive regulations on cryptocurrency, it does require its citizens to disclose their digital resources for capitals gains tax.28.
In ancient 2018, Bloomberg News reported that the most significant cryptocurrency exchanges based on the quantity and estimated revenues data accumulated by CoinMarketCap.29 Similar statistics was reported on Statista in a survey by Encrybit to understand cryptocurrency exchange issues. According to the poll, the top three cryptocurrency exchanges are Binance, Huobi, and OKEX.
Security and high trading fees are the top concerns.3031 The exchanges are all fairly new and privately held. Many do not report standard information like the names of their owners, financial information, or even the location of their business.32 A research by Mistertango reported that 88 percent of cryptocurrency exchanges are in favor of regulation to get operational certainly and price equilibrium.33.
a b c Working Group on Typologies (18 October 2010). "Draft Report on Money Laundering and Terrorist Financing through New Payment Procedures" (PDF). Paris: Financial Action Task Force. Archived in the original (PDF) on 11 February 2014.
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A b"Substantiation Money laundering in electronic currencies (Unclassified)". Money Laundering in Digital Currencies. National Drug Intelligence Center, US Department of Justice. June 2008. Retrieved 11 January 2014.
a b c Sood, Aditya K; Enbody, Richard J; Bansal, Rohit (2013). "Cybercrime: Dissecting the State of Underground Enterprise". IEEE Internet Computing (1). IEEE Computer Society. pp. 6068. doi:10.1109/MIC.2012.61.
Byrnes, William H.; Munro, Robert J. (2 October 2013). Money Laundering, Asset Forfeiture and Recovery and Compliance A Global Guide. LexisNexis. p. 2802. ISBN 978-0-327-17084-6. (Page number assigned by Google Books.)
a b c d e Hesterman, Jennifer L (17 April 2013). The Terrorist-Criminal Nexus: An Alliance of International Drug Cartels, Organized Crime, and Terror Groups. CRC Press. p. 218. ISBN 978-1-4665-5761-1.
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"ASIC functions to close down electronic currency trading websites" (Press release). Australian Securities & Investments Commission. 9 November 2004. Archived in the original on 23 March 2011. Retrieved 9 January 2014.